CYP2C19

CYP2C19 is an enzyme responsible for breaking down (metabolizing) drugs in the body to either activate them or remove them. CYP2C19 breaks down many different medications, including clopidogrel (Plavix), voriconazole, and many medications for depression and anxiety. Some people may be able to process medications with CYP2C19 more quickly or less quickly than the average person. Depending on how well CYP2C19 works in your body, certain medications may be a better choice for you.

CYP2D6

The CYP2D6 gene is an important gene in our body that provides instructions for making a protein called CYP2D6. This protein plays a crucial role in how our body breaks down and processes many medications, including opioids, ondansetron (Zofran), tamoxifen, and many medications for depression and anxiety. Some people may have genetic variations in the CYP2D6 gene, which can influence the activity of the CYP2D6 protein, affecting how quickly or slowly our body breaks down these medications. This can lead to an increased risk of side effects from a medication or cause a medication to not work well for you. It's important to note that the impact of genetic variation in CYP2D6 can vary among individuals, and the response to medications is influenced by other factors as well, such as diet, smoking, other drug interactions, and individual differences in protein activity that aren’t explained by genetics.

SLCO1B1

SLCO1B1 is a drug transporter which carries medication to be broken down in the body. The SLCO1B1 transporter helps process many medications, including statins, a group of medications used to lower cholesterol levels. Depending on how well SLCO1B1 works in your body, you may need a lower dose for some medications or a different medication.

CYP2C9

CYP2C9 is an enzyme responsible for breaking down (metabolizing) drugs in the body to either activate or remove them. CYP2C9 breaks down many medications, including those for pain and epilepsy. Some people may be able to process medications with CYP2C9 less quickly than the average person. Depending on how well CYP2C9 works in your body, certain medications may be a better choice for you.

DPYD

DPYD is a gene that makes an enzyme called dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. This is an enzyme responsible for breaking down (metabolizing) drugs in the body to remove them. DPYD breaks down a class of drugs called fluoropyrimidines, (including fluorouracil and capecitabine) which are used to treat certain types of cancer. These medications are very toxic and individuals who are less able to metabolize them are at greater risk of potentially life-threatening side effects.

UGT1A1

UGT1A1 is a gene that makes an enzyme called uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase. This is an enzyme responsible for breaking down (metabolizing) drugs in the boy to remove them. UGT1A1 is responsible for breaking down atazanavir for use in HIV infections and irinotecan for use in cancer. These medications can be toxic and individuals who are less able to metabolize them are at a greater risk of side effects.

CYP2B6

The CYP2B6 gene is an important gene in our body that provides instructions for making a protein called CYP2B6. This protein plays a crucial role in how our body breaks down and processes many medications, including efavirenz and sertraline. Some people may have genetic variations in the CYP2B6 gene, which can influence the activity of the CYP2B6 protein, affecting how quickly or slowly our body breaks down these medications. This can lead to an increased risk of side effects from a medication or cause a medication to not work well for you. It's important to note that the impact of genetic variation in CYP2B6 can vary among individuals, and the response to medications is influenced by other factors as well, such as diet, smoking, other drug interactions, and individual differences in protein activity that aren’t explained by genetics.

Ultrarapid Metabolizer

Ultrarapid metabolizer means you have increased CYP2B6 activity. Certain medications may be removed from the body too quickly and may not work for you. You may need to avoid certain medications and adjust the dosage of some medications.

*This list does not include all medications affected by CYP2B6. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

Normal Metabolizer

Normal metabolizer means you have normal CYP2B6 activity. Medications processed by CYP2B6 may not need to be adjusted based on this genetic result.

*This list does not include all medications affected by CYP2B6. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

Intermediate Metabolizer

Intermediate metabolizer means you have decreased CYP2B6 activity. This can cause certain medications to be removed from your body more slowly than normal. The dose of certain medications may need to be adjusted to avoid side effects.

*This list does not include all medications affected by CYP2B6. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

Poor Metabolizer

Poor metabolizer means you have little or no CYP2B6 activity. This means that certain drugs processed by CYP2B6 will stay in your body for longer than normal and may cause side effects. Certain medications should be avoided, and the dosage of some medications may need to be adjusted.

*This list does not include all medications affected by CYP2B6. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

Ultrarapid Metabolizer

Ultrarapid metabolizer means you have increased CYP2D6 activity. Certain medications may be removed from the body too quickly and may not work for you. Other medications are activated by CYP2D6 and can build up causing side effects. You may need to avoid certain medications and adjust the dosage of some medications.

*This list does not include all medications affected by CYP2D6. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

Normal Metabolizer

Normal metabolizer means you have normal CYP2D6 activity. Medications processed by CYP2D6 may not need to be adjusted based on this genetic result.

*This list does not include all medications affected by CYP2D6. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

Intermediate Metabolizer

Intermediate metabolizer means you have decreased CYP2D6 activity. This can cause certain medications to be removed from your body more slowly than normal. The dose of certain medications may need to be adjusted to avoid side effects.

*This list does not include all medications affected by CYP2D6. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

Poor Metabolizer

Poor metabolizer means you have no CYP2D6 activity. This means that certain drugs processed by CYP2D6 will stay in your body for longer than normal and may cause side effects. Certain medications should be avoided, and the dosage of some medications may need to be adjusted.

*This list does not include all medications affected by CYP2D6. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

Normal Function

Normal function means your SLCO1B1 transporter works normally. Medications processed by SLCO1B1 may not need to be adjusted based on this genetic result.

*This list does not include all medications affected by SLCO1B1. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

Decreased Function

Decreased function means you have less SLCO1B1 function compared to people with normal function. Medications that use the SLCO1B1 transporter may stay in your body longer than normal and can cause increased risk for side effects. Certain medications should be avoided, and the dosage of some medications may need to be adjusted.

*This list does not include all medications affected by SLCO1B1. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

Poor Function

Poor function means you have little to no SLCO1B1 transport function. Medications that use the SLCO1B1 transporter may stay in your body longer than normal and can cause increased risk for side effects. Certain medications should be avoided, and the dosage of some medications may need to be adjusted.

*This list does not include all medications affected by SLCO1B1. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

Ultrarapid Metabolizer

Ultrarapid metabolizer means you have increased CYP2C19 activity. Certain medications may be removed from the body too quickly and may not work for you. Other medications are activated by CYP2C19 and can build up causing side effects. You may need to avoid certain medications and adjust the dosage of some medications.

*This list does not include all medications affected by CYP2C19. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

Normal Metabolizer

Normal metabolizer means you have normal CYP2C19 activity. Medications processed by CYP2C19 may not need to be adjusted based on this genetic result.

*This list does not include all medications affected by CYP2C19. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

Poor Metabolizer

Poor metabolizer means you have no CYP2C19 activity. This means that certain drugs processed by CYP2C19 will stay in your body for longer than normal and may cause side effects. Certain medications should be avoided, and the dosage of some medications may need to be adjusted.

*This list does not include all medications affected by CYP2C19. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

Intermediate Metabolizer

Intermediate metabolizer means you have decreased CYP2C19 activity. This can cause certain medications to be removed from your body more slowly than normal. The dose of certain medications may need to be adjusted to avoid side effects.

*This list does not include all medications affected by CYP2C19. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

Normal Metabolizer

This means that you have normal DPYD activity. There is no reason to adjust or avoid any medications metabolized by the DPD enzyme based on the status of your DPYD genetic test result. Other clinical factors such as diet, other medications, and diseases can also influence your response to medications.

*This list does not include all medications affected by DPYD. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

Intermediate Metabolizer

This means that you have lower DPYD activity. Your body will remove fluoropyrimidines more slowly. Dose adjustments may be required to avoid the increased risk of experiencing side effects. Other clinical factors such as diet, other medications, and diseases can also influence your response to medications.

*This list does not include all medications affected by DPYD. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

Poor Metabolizer

This means that you have little to no DYPD activity. Your body will remove fluoropyrimidines very slowly. Fluoropyrimidine medications should be avoided. Other clinical factors such as diet, other medications, and diseases can also influence your response to medications.

*This list does not include all medications affected by DPYD. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

NUDT15

The NUDT15 gene is an important gene in our body that provides instructions for making a protein called NUDT15. This protein plays a crucial role in how our body breaks down and processes a class of medications called “thiopurines,” which are used to treat cancer and to prevent organ rejection following an organ transplant. Some people may have genetic variations in the NUDT15 gene, which can influence the activity of NUDT15, affecting how quickly or slowly our body breaks down these medications. This can lead to an increased risk of side effects from these medications. It's important to note that the impact of genetic variation in NUDT15 can vary among individuals, and the response to medications is influenced by other factors as well, such as diet, smoking, other drug interactions, and individual differences in protein activity that aren’t explained by genetics.

NUDT15 Normal Metabolizer

Normal metabolizer means you have normal NUDT15 activity. Medications processed by NUDT15 may not need to be adjusted based on this genetic result.

NUDT15 Poor Metabolizer

Poor metabolizer means you have no NUDT15 activity. This means that certain drugs processed by NUDT15 will stay in your body for longer than normal and may cause side effects. Certain medications should be avoided, and the dosage of some medications may need to be adjusted.

NUDT15 Intermediate Metabolizer

Intermediate metabolizer means you have decreased NUDT15 activity. This can cause certain medications to be removed from your body more slowly than normal. The dose of certain medications may need to be adjusted to avoid side effects.

UGT1A1 Poor Metabolizer

This means that you have little to no UGT1A1 activity. Your body will remove certain medications slowly. For these medications, they should be avoided entirely, or dose adjustments should be made to avoid the increased risk of experiencing side effects. Other clinical factors such as diet, other medications, and diseases can also influence your response to medications.

*This list does not include all medications affected by UGT1A1. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

UGT1A1 Intermediate Metabolizer

This means that you have reduced UGT1A1 activity. Your body will remove certain medications more slowly. There is no reason to adjust or avoid any medications metabolized by UGT1A1 enzyme based on the status of your genetic results. Other clinical factors such as diet, other medications, and diseases can also influence your response to medications.

*This list does not include all medications affected by UGT1A1. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

UGT1A1 Normal Metabolizer

This means that you have normal UGT1A1 activity. There is no reason to adjust or avoid any medications metabolized by UGT1A1 based on your genetic results. Other clinical factors such as diet, other medications, and diseases can also influence your response to medications.

*This list does not include all medications affected by UGT1A1. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

CYP2C9 Normal Metabolizer

Normal metabolizer means you have normal CYP2C9 activity. Medications processed by CYP2C9 may not need to be adjusted based on this genetic result.

*This list does not include all medications affected by CYP2C9. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

CYP2C9 Intermediate Metabolizer

Intermediate metabolizer means you have decreased CYP2C9 activity. This can cause certain medications to be removed from your body more slowly than normal. The dose of certain medications may need to be adjusted to avoid side effects.

*This list does not include all medications affected by CYP2C9. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

CYP2C9 Poor Metabolizer

Poor metabolizer means you have little or no CYP2C9 activity. This means that certain drugs processed by CYP2C9 will stay in your body for longer than normal and may cause side effects. Certain medications should be avoided, and the dosage of some medications may need to be adjusted.

*This list does not include all medications affected by CYP2C9. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

TPMT

The TPMT gene is an important gene in our body that provides instructions for making a protein called TPMT. This protein plays a crucial role in how our body breaks down and processes a class of medications called “thiopurines,” which are used to treat cancer and to prevent organ rejection following an organ transplant. Some people may have genetic variations in the TPMT gene, which can influence the activity of TPMT, affecting how quickly or slowly our body breaks down these medications. This can lead to an increased risk of side effects from these medications. It's important to note that the impact of genetic variation in TPMT can vary among individuals, and the response to medications is influenced by other factors as well, such as diet, smoking, other drug interactions, and individual differences in protein activity that aren’t explained by genetics.

TPMT Normal Metabolizer

Normal metabolizer means you have normal TPMT activity. Medications processed by TPMT may not need to be adjusted based on this genetic result.

TPMT Intermediate Metabolizer

Intermediate metabolizer means you have decreased TPMT activity. This can cause certain medications to be removed from your body more slowly than normal. The dose of certain medications may need to be adjusted to avoid side effects.

*This list does not include all medications affected by TPMT. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

TPMT Poor Metabolizer

Poor metabolizer means you have no TPMT activity. This means that certain drugs processed by TPMT will stay in your body for longer than normal and may cause side effects. Certain medications should be avoided, and the dosage of some medications may need to be adjusted.

CYP3A4

The CYP3A4 gene is an important gene in our body that provides instructions for making a protein called CYP3A4. This protein plays a crucial role in how our body breaks down and processes a medication called quetiapine. including clopidogrel (Plavix), voriconazole, and many medications for depression and anxiety. Some people may have genetic variations in the CYP3A4 gene, which can influence the activity of the CYP3A4 protein, affecting how quickly or slowly our body breaks down these medications. This can lead to an increased risk of side effects from a medication or cause a medication to not work well for you. It's important to note that the impact of genetic variation in CYP3A4 can vary among individuals, and the response to medications is influenced by other factors as well, such as diet, smoking, other drug interactions, and individual differences in protein activity that aren’t explained by genetics.

CYP3A4 Normal Metabolizer

Normal metabolizer means you have normal CYP3A4 activity. Medications processed by CYP3A4 may not need to be adjusted based on this genetic result.

*This list does not include all medications affected by CYP3A4. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

CYP3A4 Intermediate Metabolizer

Intermediate metabolizer means you have decreased CYP3A4 activity. This can cause certain medications to be removed from your body more slowly than normal. The dose of certain medications may need to be adjusted to avoid side effects.

*This list does not include all medications affected by CYP3A4. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

CYP3A4 Poor Metabolizer

Poor metabolizer means you have little or no CYP3A4 activity. This means that certain drugs processed by CYP3A4 may stay in your body for longer than normal and may cause side effects. Certain medications should be avoided, and the dosage of some medications may need to be adjusted. Other medications may not work because they rely on CYP3A4 to be “turned on” to have their clinical effect.

*This list does not include all medications affected by CYP3A4. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

CYP3A5

CYP3A5 is an enzyme responsible for breaking down (metabolizing) drugs in the body to either activate them or remove them. CYP3A5 breaks down some medications, including tacrolimus (Prograf) which is used to suppress the immune system. Some people may be able to process medications with CYP3A5 more quickly or less quickly than the average person. Depending on how well CYP3A5 works in your body, certain medications may be a better choice for you. It's important to note that the impact of genetic variation in CYP3A5 can vary among individuals, and the response to medications is influenced by other factors as well, such as diet, smoking, other drug interactions, and individual differences in protein activity that aren’t explained by genetics.

CYP3A5 Expressor

Expressor means you have normal CYP3A5 activity. Medications are developed assuming individuals are non-expressors. As a result, medications affected by CYP3A5 may be removed from the body too quickly and may not work for you. You may need to avoid certain medications and adjust the dosage of some medications.

*This list does not include all medications affected by CYP3A5. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

** Do not make any change(s) to any medications or stop taking any medication(s) without first speaking with provider**

CYP3A5 Non-Expressor

Non-Expressor means you have no CYP3A5 activity. Medications are developed assuming individuals are non-expressors, so medications processed by CYP3A5 may not need to be adjusted based on this genetic result.

*This list does not include all medications affected by CYP3A5. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.

HLA-A*31:01

HLA-A is a gene that creates a protein that helps our immune system recognize and fight off harmful substances. However, some people who have a version of this gene known as HLA-A*31:01, which can cause a bad reaction to a medication called carbamazepine (which is typically used for epilepsy or bipolar disorder). People who test positive for HLA-A*31:01 are more likely to develop a potentially fatal skin rash called Stevens-Johnson Syndrome.

HLA-A*31:01 Negative

Testing negative for HLA-A*31:01 means you do not carry the version of HLA-A that increases your risk of a severe skin rash called Stevens-Johnson Syndrome. However, it is still possible to go on to develop Stevens-Johnson syndrome.

HLA-A*31:01 Positive

Testing positive for HLA-A*31:01 means you carry a version of HLA-A that increases your risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Your doctor may recommend using a different medication to treat your condition, or may have you watch closely for any signs of developing a skin rash.

VKORC1

VKORC1 is a gene that plays a big role in how our bodies handle a vitamin called vitamin K. This vitamin is important because it helps our blood to clot properly. VKORC1 makes a protein that helps vitamin K work and helps make the substances that help our blood clot. When we take a medicine called warfarin, it works on the VKORC1 gene to help thin our blood. This is important for people who tend to get blood clots. But, there are other genes, like CYP2C9 and CYP4F2, that also affect how our bodies respond to warfarin. The differences in these genes are important in how people react to warfarin treatment. Doctors can use genetic tests to find out about these differences and adjust the amount of warfarin a person needs. This helps them get the right level of blood thinning without causing too much bleeding.

rs9923231 A/A (Normal Warfarin Sensitivity)

Having two copies of the rs9923231 A variant means you are likely to have normal activity of the vitamin K enzyme. However, your warfarin dose is dependent on your variations at other genes involved in warfarin, as well as other factors such as height, weight, ancestry, smoking, diet (especially leafy green vegetables) and other drugs you are taking (such as antibiotics).

rs9923231 GA (Intermediate Warfarin Sensitivity)

Having one copy of the rs9923231 G variant means you are likely to have somewhat increased sensitivity to warfarin. You may need lower doses to get the same effect from warfarin; however, this is dependent on your variations at other genes involved in warfarin, as well as other factors such as height, weight, ancestry, smoking, diet (especially leafy green vegetables) and other drugs you are taking (such as antibiotics).

rs9923231 GG (Warfarin Sensitive)

Having two copies of the rs9923231 G variant means you are likely to have somewhat increased sensitivity to warfarin. You may need lower doses to get the same effect from warfarin; however, this is dependent on your variations at other genes involved in warfarin, as well as other factors such as height, weight, ancestry, smoking, diet (especially leafy green vegetables) and other drugs you are taking (such as antibiotics).